Pretreatment HIV drug resistance in low- and middle-income countries

Determinants of HIV drug resistance and public health implications in low- and middle-income countries.

Global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is an unprecedented public health achievement. With planned efforts of expanded ART access including earlier treatment initiation and the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for prophylaxis, increasing levels of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) are expected.Several factors may lead to selection and transmission...

HIV drug resistance surveillance in low- and middle-income countries: 2004 to 2010

Assays for Monitoring Hiv Therapy in Low-middle Income Countries

The purpose of this thesis was to develop and/or evaluate assays for HIV viral load (VL) monitoring and HIV drug resistance testing of potential importance for research studies and clinical care in lowand middle income countries (LMICs). This was achieved using reverse transcriptase based (RT) assays and blood samples from Vietnamese and Swedish HIV-1 infected patients. In Paper I, HIV-1 obtain...

The HIV-1 epidemic: low- to middle-income countries.

Low- to middle-income countries bear the overwhelming burden of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic in terms of the numbers of their citizens living with HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), the high degrees of viral diversity often involving multiple HIV-1 clades circulating within their populations, and the social and economic factors that compromise current con...

Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries.

Anaemia affects a quarter of the global population, including 293 million (47%) children younger than 5 years and 468 million (30%) non-pregnant women. In addition to anaemia's adverse health consequences, the economic effect of anaemia on human capital results in the loss of billions of dollars annually. In this paper, we review the epidemiology, clinical assessment, pathophysiology, and conse...